A Guide to the Must-See Historical Sites in Alexandria

Alexandria, known as the “Pearl of the Mediterranean,” is a city rich in history, where the influences of ancient Greek, Roman, and Islamic cultures converge. Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, this Egyptian coastal city has long served as a crossroads of civilizations, offering a fascinating look into the past. Today, Alexandria continues to captivate visitors with its remarkable historical sites in Alexandria, making it one of the most sought-after destinations for history lovers around the globe.

A Glimpse Into Alexandria’s Rich History

Foundation and Early History

Alexandria was founded by the Macedonian king, Alexander the Great, who envisioned it as a bridge between the Hellenistic world and the prosperous Nile Valley. The city grew quickly, becoming a significant cultural, intellectual, and economic center of the Mediterranean. Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, which began after Alexander’s death, Alexandria thrived as the capital of Egypt and the home of the legendary Library of Alexandria, a symbol of ancient intellectual achievement.

Roman and Byzantine Alexandria

Following Cleopatra’s defeat by the Romans in 30 BCE, Alexandria became part of the Roman Empire. Even under Roman rule, it remained an important center for trade, culture, and learning. By the time of the Byzantine Empire, Alexandria continued to flourish, but it began to face religious strife and political instability, leading to periods of decline.

Islamic Alexandria (641 CE – 1517 CE)

The Arab conquest of Alexandria in 641 CE marked the beginning of a new chapter in the city’s history. Alexandria’s prominence as a trade hub declined, especially after the founding of Cairo as the new capital. However, the city continued to maintain its cultural significance, especially through its Islamic heritage.

Ottoman and Modern Alexandria (1517 CE – Present)

During Ottoman rule, Alexandria experienced a quieter existence, overshadowed by Cairo. However, by the late 18th century, the French invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte revived global interest in the city. In the 19th century, Muhammad Ali Pasha began modernizing Alexandria, transforming it into a bustling port city. The British influence in the 19th and early 20th centuries further shaped Alexandria’s cosmopolitan character.

Top Historical Sites in Alexandria

Fort Qaitbey

One of Alexandria’s most iconic landmarks, Fort Qaitbey stands at the site of the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Built in the 15th century, the fort offers stunning views of the Mediterranean and serves as a reminder of Alexandria’s maritime legacy.

Bibliotheca Alexandrina

The modern reincarnation of the Great Library of Alexandria, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a monumental architectural marvel. With millions of books, museums, and cultural exhibitions, it serves as both a tribute to the past and a beacon for future learning.

Kom El-Dikka

This archaeological site offers a fascinating glimpse into Alexandria’s Roman past, including a well-preserved Roman amphitheater, mosaic floors, and baths. It’s a quiet place to explore the remnants of ancient Alexandria.

Pompey’s Pillar

Standing tall at over 25 meters, Pompey’s Pillar is a massive Roman column erected in honor of the Roman Emperor Diocletian. It’s one of the most striking monuments in Alexandria and offers visitors a sense of the grandeur of Roman Alexandria.

Alexandria National Museum

For those interested in a more comprehensive historical journey, the Alexandria National Museum is a must-visit. It houses artifacts from the Pharaonic, Greco-Roman, Coptic, and Islamic periods, offering insight into Alexandria’s rich cultural heritage.

Catacombs of Kom al-Shoqafa

One of the most remarkable archaeological sites in Alexandria, the Catacombs of Kom al-Shoqafa represent a fusion of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architectural styles. This underground funerary site, which once housed the tombs of Alexandria’s elite, is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages.

Montazah Gardens

The Montazah Gardens, home to the royal palace of King Farouk, offer a peaceful retreat with beautifully landscaped grounds and sweeping views of the Mediterranean. It’s a perfect place for a leisurely stroll and to appreciate Alexandria’s royal past.

Ras El-Tin Palace

This palace was once a summer residence for Egypt’s royal family and stands as a reminder of Alexandria’s historical significance. Its location on the waterfront makes it a stunning place to appreciate the city’s beautiful coastal landscape.

Abu Abbas al-Mursi Mosque

This mosque is one of Alexandria’s most important Islamic landmarks, known for its stunning architecture and serene atmosphere. It is dedicated to the revered Sufi saint Abu Abbas al-Mursi, whose tomb is housed inside.

Alexandria Corniche

The Alexandria Corniche is a seaside promenade that stretches along the Mediterranean coast. Here, visitors can enjoy a leisurely walk while taking in the picturesque views, passing by historic buildings and vibrant cafes.

Hidden Gems of Alexandria

Beyond the famous landmarks, Alexandria has numerous hidden gems waiting to be explored:

• The Cavafy Museum: Dedicated to the life and work of poet C.P. Cavafy, who spent much of his life in Alexandria, this museum offers a deep dive into the literary history of the city.
• Cleopatra’s Palace: Located underwater near the coast, the ruins of Cleopatra’s Palace can only be explored through diving excursions. It’s one of Alexandria’s most intriguing, yet elusive, historical sites.
• Aboukir Bay: Known for its historical significance during the Napoleonic Wars, Aboukir also offers visitors the chance to explore underwater ruins of ancient cities like Canopus and Heracleion.

Exploring Alexandria’s Vibrant Culture

Aside from its historical sites, Alexandria boasts a lively cultural scene. The Alexandria International Film Festival and the Alexandria Book Fair are two of the city’s major cultural events, attracting international visitors and offering insight into the artistic and literary life of the Mediterranean.

Conclusion

Alexandria’s historical sites are a testament to its role as a cultural crossroads of the ancient world. From the majestic Fort Qaitbey to the awe-inspiring Bibliotheca Alexandrina, the city offers a unique journey through history. Whether you’re exploring ancient ruins, vibrant markets, or beautiful gardens, Alexandria is a city that continually fascinates with its blend of old and new.